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主要功能

采用獨創(chuàng)的板載芯片 LED 陣列技術(shù)，用 6 種不同波段的激發(fā)光作為測量光、光化光、飽和脈沖、單周轉(zhuǎn)飽和閃光與多周轉(zhuǎn)飽和閃光
具備比 PAM-2500 高 200 倍的靈敏度
優(yōu)化設(shè)計用于很稀的懸浮液（藻液、葉綠體懸浮液）測量
專用葉夾可用于高等植物/大型海藻等葉片狀樣品的測量
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 PAM 測量功能、復(fù)雜的多相熒光上升動力學(xué)擬合分析、馳豫動力學(xué)分析
特別適合狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換研究、“非活性PSII”（“Inactive PS II”）研究
超快時間分辨率達(dá)到 10 ms，由此利用獨特的 O-I1 相（O-J相）擬合分析用于分析PSII反映中心異質(zhì)性分析，得出 PS II 光合單位的連接性參數(shù)（p和J），速率常數(shù)（Tau）和兩種不同類型 PS II（Type 1 和Type 2）的光學(xué)截面積（Sigma(II)_λ）等參數(shù)
新增 PSII 有效光強 PAR(II)、經(jīng)過 PSII 的絕對電子傳遞速率 ETR(II)_λ 等全新的光合參數(shù)。
專業(yè)的操作軟件，用于復(fù)雜的擬合分析

測量參數(shù)

Fo, Fm, F, Fm', Fv/Fm, Y(II), qP, qN, NPQ, Y(NO), Y(NPQ), ETR, ETR(II)_λ, p, J, Tau, Sigma(II)_λ, PAR、PAR(II) 等

應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

主要用于各種藻類的深入光合作用機理研究，用適合的波長、全新的測量、全新的參數(shù)進(jìn)行藍(lán)藻、綠藻、硅藻、甲藻、紅藻、隱藻等的深入研究。如選配高等植物附件，也可實現(xiàn)對高等植物葉片的測量。

主要技術(shù)參數(shù)

測量光：提供 400、440、480、540、590 和 625 nm 的脈沖調(diào)制測量光，20 個強度選擇，14 個頻率選擇。

光化光：提供 440、480、540、590、625 nm 和 420-640 nm（白光）連續(xù)光化光照，最大光強 4000 μmol m^-2 s^-1；單周轉(zhuǎn)飽和閃光的最大強度 200 000 μmol m^-2 s^-1，持續(xù)時間 5-50 μs可調(diào)；多周轉(zhuǎn)飽和閃光強度 10 000 μmol m^-2 s^-1，1-800 ms可調(diào)。

遠(yuǎn)紅光：725 nm。

信號檢測：PIN-光電二極管，帶特制鎖相放大器（專利設(shè)計），最大時間分辨率 10 μs。

Multi-Color-PAM的功能介紹

光系統(tǒng) II 的相對電子傳遞速率 rETR 是很常用的一個參數(shù)。rETR = PAR × Y(II) × ETR-factor，其中 ETR-factor 是指光系統(tǒng)II吸收的光能占總?cè)肷?PAR 的比例。在絕大多數(shù)已發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)中，均沒有試圖去測定 ETR-factor，只是簡單地假定跟 “模式葉片” 相同，即有 50% 的 PAR 分配到光系統(tǒng) II，84% 的 PAR 被光合色素吸收。因此在已有的文獻(xiàn)中，rETR一般是用公式 rETR = PAR × Y(II) × 0.84 × 0.5 來計算的。

近期，利用多激發(fā)波長調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨x MULTI-COLOR-PAM 可以實現(xiàn)光系統(tǒng)II的絕對電子傳遞速率 ETR(II)_λ 的測量。首先需要利用 MULTI-COLOR-PAM 測定某個波長下的光系統(tǒng)II功能性光學(xué)截面積 Sigma(II)_λ（單位nm²）（其中λ為波長），然后求出光系統(tǒng)II的量子吸收速率 PAR(II) = Sigma(II)_λ × L × PAR = 0.6022 × Sigma(II)_λ× PAR。其中 L 為阿伏伽德羅常數(shù)，系數(shù) 0.6022 是將 1 μmol quanta m^-2 （即 6.022 × 1017 quanta m^-2）轉(zhuǎn)換為 0.6022 quanta nm^-2，PAR(II) 的單位為 quanta/(PSII × s)。接下來就可以計算 ETR(II)_λ = PAR(II) × Y(II)/Y(II)max，其中 Y(II)max 是經(jīng)過暗適應(yīng)達(dá)到穩(wěn)態(tài)后的光系統(tǒng)II的量子產(chǎn)量，也就是 Fv/Fm×ETR(II) 的單位為 electrons/(PSII × s)。

傳統(tǒng)的調(diào)制葉綠素?zé)晒鈨x一般只能提供一種或兩種顏色的光源，如發(fā)出白光的鹵素?zé)?、發(fā)出藍(lán)光的藍(lán)色 LED 或發(fā)出紅光的紅色 LED 等。用不同顏色的光測量的結(jié)果可能會有不同，如圖 1A 所示，用藍(lán)光（440 nm）和紅光（625 nm）測量綠藻小球藻的快速光曲線有非常顯著的差別，藍(lán)光照射下的 rETRmax 顯著小于紅光照射下，且在較強的光曲線 rETR 有輕微下降趨勢，這說明藍(lán)光的更容易引發(fā)光抑制 (Schreiber, Klughammer et al. 2011, Schreiber, Klughammer et al. 2012)。由此可以推測，過去文獻(xiàn)報道的很過實驗結(jié)果，可能會存在由于采用的激發(fā)光源不同而引起的錯誤理解。

如上文所述，利用 MULTI-COLOR-PAM，已經(jīng)可以測量絕對電子傳遞速率 ETR(II)_λ。如果用 ETR(II)_λ 來繪制快速光曲線會出現(xiàn)什么結(jié)果呢？圖 1B 是將圖 1A 的結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換成絕對電子傳遞速率后得到的結(jié)果，可以看出無論是照射藍(lán)光還是照射紅光，其絕對電子傳遞速率是一致的。由此證明圖 1A 中結(jié)果的差異是由于不同波長下藻細(xì)胞的光系統(tǒng) II 功能性光學(xué)截面積 Sigma(II)_λ 的大小不同引起的 (Schreiber, Klughammer et al. 2011, Schreiber, Klughammer et al. 2012)。這種利用絕對電子傳遞速率 ETR(II)_λ 繪制的快速光曲線在未來的科研中可能會發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。


圖1 利用相對電子傳遞速率（A）和絕對電子傳遞速率（B）分別繪制的快速光曲線（引自Schreiber et al., 2012）
利用 MULTI-COLOR-PAM 分別以藍(lán)光（440 nm）和紅光（625 nm）作為光化光源，測量小球藻（Chlorella sp.）的快速光曲線。
圖A中，rETR 的計算采用 0.42 作為 ETR factor。
圖B中，藍(lán)光和紅光激發(fā)下獲得的光系統(tǒng)II功能性光學(xué)截面積 Sigma(II)_λ 分別為 4.547 和 1.669 nm²，計算絕對電子傳遞速率 ETR(II)₄₄₀ 和 ETR(II)₆₂₅ 的 Fv/Fm 分別為 0.68 和 0.66。

選購指南

一、懸浮樣品測量基本款

系統(tǒng)組成：通用型主機，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版檢測單元，懸浮液的光學(xué)單元，數(shù)據(jù)線，工作臺，軟件等

懸浮樣品測量基本款

二、高等植物葉片測量基本款

系統(tǒng)組成：通用型主機，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版檢測單元，特制葉片夾，數(shù)據(jù)線，工作臺，軟件等

高等植物葉片測量特制葉夾

三、其他可選附件

1，ED-101US/T：控溫裝置，安裝在 ED-101US/MD 上，為懸浮液控溫；可外接循環(huán)水浴來控溫,

2，US-SQS/WB：球狀微型光量子探頭，可插入樣品杯中測量 PAR；由主機 DUAL-C 控制。

3，PHYTO-MS：磁力攪拌器，連接到光學(xué)單元 ED-101US/MD 的底部對懸浮液進(jìn)行攪拌。

產(chǎn)地：德國WALZ

參考文獻(xiàn)

數(shù)據(jù)來源：光合作用文獻(xiàn) Endnote 數(shù)據(jù)庫，更新至 2021年 1 月，文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量超過 10000 篇

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